How to Stop Nuclear Terrorism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

How to Stop Nuclear Terrorism - Essay Example High grade traditional explosives and electrical and mechanical equipment are used to set off a nuclear bomb. Hydrogen bomb, which is thousands of times much more powerful than an atom bomb has not been used in war anywhere. A nuclear explosion, deliberate or accidental, would lead to release of energy millions of times greater than that of dynamite or RDX, causing so much of heat and pressure, called as 'thermal radiation', that all materials are converted into compressed gases accompanied with a tremor wave. The explosion produces highly penetrating gamma rays, which would travel long distance in seconds, cannot be felt by human beings, causing fatal long term effect on human bodies or those of other living beings. In first ever use of nuclear bombs by America in second world war, it is estimated that as many as 140,000 had died in Hiroshima by the bomb and its post explosion effects, with the estimate for Nagasaki roughly 75,000., majority of the deaths were those of civilians. In estimating the number of deaths caused by the attacks, many victims died in the following months or years after the bombing as a result of radiation exposure. Today's nuclear bombs are thousand times much more destructive than those dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. The world's first nuclear explosion was achieved with plutonium, a man-made element produced in nuclear reactors. Plutonium is created when an atom of uranium-238 is hit by a neutron and becomes plutonium-239. Nuclear reactor, which is used to generate power or propel marine vehicles generates the neutrons in a controlled chain reaction. For the neutrons to be absorbed by the uranium their speed must be slowed by passing them through a substance known as a "moderator." Graphite and heavy water are used as moderators in reactors fueled by natural uranium. Heavy water contains an atom of deuterium instead of an atom of hydrogen. 4 kilograms of Plutonium would be needed to make a bomb with a beryllium reflector. Countries producing plutonium for weapons have generally operated their reactors to maximize the production of plutonium-239-the isotope most useful for nuclear weapons. Weapon-grade plutonium contains less than 7 percent plutonium-240. Under normal nuclear power plant operation, the plutonium in spent reactor fuel contains roughly 24 percent plutonium-240; such plutonium is often referred to as "reactor-grade." However, essentially all isotopic mixtures of plutonium-including reactor-grade plutonium-can be used for nuclear weapons. In order to use plutonium in nuclear weapons or nuclear fuel, however, it must be separated from the rest of the spent fuel in a reprocessing facility. Plutonium separation is easier than uranium enrichment because it involves separating different elements rather than different isotopes of the same element. It uses well-known chemical separation techniques. Relatively large amounts of plutonium-240, as would be contained in reactor-grade plutonium, can cause a weapon to detonate early and "fizzle," causing a smaller explosion than intended. However, even a weapon that fizzles would cause an explosion roughly equivalent to 1,000 tons (1 kiloton) of TNT. A weapon of this size could kill tens of thousands of people if detonated in a city, which clearly demonstrates that even reactor-grade plu

Managment Accounting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Managment Accounting - Essay Example It can be viewed that the business models adopted in the visual arts sector in the nation are relatively inefficient due to inadequate financial support. In this regard, almost every visual arts sector is seemed to be undercapitalized. The arts sector is facing ample challenges to retain a sustainable performance in this competitive business environment. In this context, the major challenges that face by arts sector in England include cultural aspects, free entry strategy and inability in tackling factors that are accountable for under performance. The sector has been facing the aforementioned challenges mainly due to limited investment of funds and inappropriate allocation of financial resources (Royce, 2011). In relation to the arts sector of England, it can be viewed there is a lack of income which is generated from the entry tickets due to the provisions of free entry. Free entry of visitors in relation to this sector is often regarded as a blessing for public, but this practical implication has led towards inadequate public funding. In this respect, these organisations are more inclined towards incompetency and inefficient performance in the present competitive business environment. Consequently, inadequate availability of public funding has restricted the organisations associated with arts sector in allocating funds for development, maintenance and repair. It can be affirmed that the implication of free entry will be effective in attracting a huge number of customers, but will not facilitate the organisations to obtain adequate funds for complying with future requirements and making greater development. Respectively, the organisations, with inadequate revenues will be unable to meet the requirements of the business costs. Moreover, the... This paper descusses from the above discussion, it can be affirmed that the present business scenario is incessantly changing due to gaining momentum of globalisation and prevalence of extreme business market competition. In this changing business market conditions, organisations are required to develop appropriate strategies and plans in order to maintain sustainable growth and performance. The arts sector in England is surrounded with certain threats that include operational inefficiency and ineffective allocation of financial resources within the context of competitive business environment. In this regard, this sector should adopt efficient business models with the objectives of performing in a sustainable way. In relation to the arts sector of England, it can be viewed there is a lack of income which is generated from the entry tickets due to the provisions of free entry. Free entry of visitors in relation to this sector is often regarded as a blessing for public, but this practical implication has led towards inadequate public funding. In this respect, these organisations are more inclined towards incompetency and inefficient performance in the present competitive business environment. This report makes a conclusion that management accounting is often viewed to be an important business tool which helps organisations in making better decisions and suitably maintaining financial resources at large. Specially mentioning, the statement of Royce can be identified to hold positive viewpoints about the formation of efficient business models for better management of the arts sector. On the other hand, Taylor holds opposing viewpoints about the need of forming effective business models, as this might increase the complexity of business operations and procedures by a certain degree.